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Dan River Coal Ash Disaster: Is the water safe to drink?

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A Lee Enterprises, Incorporated newspaper. Majority shareholder: David Hoffmann, Hoffmann Media Group.

Chapter 3: Coal ash in the water supply

Dan River Coal Ash Disaster: Is the water safe to drink?

The spill quickly raises questions at the treatment plant in Danville, Va., but tests show the processed water is OK to drink. Some residents still have fears.

• Taft Wireback
• Feb 1, 2015
• Feb 1, 2015
• 0

1 of 7

File. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries biologist and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Dept. of Interior biologist travel up the Dan River from Abreu-Grogan Park landing on Wednesday, Feb. 5, 2014, in Danville, VA. The men gathered water and river bottom sediment samples from the coal ash spill at the Dan River Steam Station operated by Duke Energy upriver in Eden, N.C. 

• LYNN HEY/News & Record

Barry Dunkley, the director of water and sewage treatment for Danville, Va., explains how two 24-inch pipes draw raw water from the Dan River into the treatment plant for the city’s water supply. “It was noticeably gray,” Dunkley says of the river during the first days of the spill. “It scared me: Are we really removing that?”

• LYNN HEY/News & Record

Daniel Michaelson, biologist, with Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries launch a boat into the Dan River at Abreu-Grogan Park landing on Wednesday, Feb. 5, 2014, in Danville, VA. He will take U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Dept. of Interior biologist out onto the rive to gather water and river bottom sediment samples from the coal ash spill at the Dan River Steam Station operated by Duke Energy upriver in Eden, N.C. 

• LYNN HEY/News & Record

A worker with Phillips and Jordan, Inc., a Duke Energy contractor, works with a belt filter press which will be used to obtain a firm cake of the solid material containing coal ash which currently resides in a waste solids clarifier at the Danville Water Treatment Plant on Park Avenue in Danville, Va., Wednesday, April 2, 2014. Workers are setting up and testing the water treatment process at the plant before beginning the process of collecting the coal ash. Barry Dunkley, Director of Water and Wastewater Treatment at the plant, said a similar process will be used after solids are vacuumed out of the Dan River near the Schoolfield Dam. 

• NELSON KEPLEY/News & Record

Workers with Phillips and Jordan, Inc., a Duke Energy contractor, work with a tanker which will be used to collect water from a belt filter press after coal ash is removed from the water at the Danville Water Treatment Plant on Park Avenue in Danville, Va., Wednesday, April 2, 2014. 

• NELSON KEPLEY/News & Record

File.

• News & Record

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Taft Wireback

DANVILLE, Va.— Plant operator Steven Johns never counted himself a big sports fan, so he didn’t mind working a 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. shift on Super Bowl Sunday last year at the city’s water treatment plant.

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Chapter list

Chapter 1: The day the pipe broke

Chapter 2: Where did the ash go?

Chapter 3: Coal ash in the water supply

Chapter 4: Response to the spill

Chapter 5: Stopping the deluge

Chapter 6: Regulators and accountability

Chapter 7: Anatomy of the spill

Chapter 8: The aftermath 

Timeline

View a timeline of coal ash spill

Video: EPA

Bottled water

Immediately after the spill, sales of bottled water spiked citywide. And some residents still won’t drink city water, refusing to accept a continuing series of test results by the city that show the water to be free of problems. 

A change in the water

"[The river] was noticeably gray.” It scared me: Are we really removing that?” — Barry Dunkley, director Danville's water and sewer treatment program.

Dan River Steam Station has a storied history

Think again if you’re under the impression that the Dan River Steam Station’s first brush with national news came after last year’s coal ash spill.

The plant was the focal point of a high-profile lawsuit in the late 1960s that blazed trails in equal-employment opportunities for African American workers.

Thirteen of the plant’s 14 black employees filed a lawsuit against the plant owner, then known as Duke Power, for discriminatory practices that kept them stuck in laborer roles that paid $1.57 an hour — less than any of the plant’s other 81 employees.

The case eventually landed on the docket of the U.S. Supreme Court, which found Duke Power in violation of a key plank in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited employment tests designed to segregate the work force.

Writing about employment practices at the steam station for the full court in an 8-0 decision, then-Chief Justice Warren Burger said the “Negro employees” did not need to prove beyond a doubt that Duke Power executives recently created new tests for advancement solely to reserve better-paying jobs for white people.

“The Act requires the elimination of artificial, arbitrary, and unnecessary barriers to employment that operate invidiously to discriminate on the basis of race,” Burger wrote. “If as here, an employment practice that operates to exclude Negroes cannot be shown to be related to job performance, it is prohibited, notwithstanding the employer’s lack of discriminatory intent.”

The case would go down in the annals of employment and civil rights law for establishing that tests and other hurdles required for an employee to advance must have a clear relationship to the skills required for the new job.

But during its 63 years of operation in the Draper section of Eden, the steam station was better known for softball tournaments than hardball racial conflict. The site featured a ballfield along Edgewood Road that hosted numerous softball games and tournaments over the years.

“Many of the employees also participated in a baseball league and played at the site on the Duke Power Ball Field,” the company said in a 2012 news release about the newly retired coal-fired plant. “This field served the community as a practice facility and location to host league games for nearly five decades.”

It seems hard to believe nowadays, but power plants like the now-shuttered steam station once perched on the forefront of technology. Duke Power opened its first coal-fired plants in 1911 — one in Greensboro, another in Greenville, S.C. — anticipating that the utility would max out the capacity of North Carolina’s rivers to produce hydroelectric energy using the established technology of that era.

But by the time the first of Dan River’s three coal-fired units came online, coal was a well-established form of energy production. Utility workers fired up the first unit in December 1949 and then a second turbine the next year as a response to the booming power demands of the post-World War II growth spurt.

“Those first two units cost $15 million and were equipped with the latest technology available at that time,” then-station manager Marc Susinno said in 1999 as the plant marked its 50th anniversary.

In the mid-1950s, Duke Power added a third coal-fired unit to the plant, during the era before Draper merged with Spray and Leaksville to form the city of Eden.

The Dan River complex initially functioned like an old-fashioned mill village. The utility built a dozen rental houses for plant workers at a total cost of $120,000. The houses were later sold to some of the workers, who were required to move them off company property to new locations.

The plant was part of a fleet of eight Duke Power plants that ran on coal and repeatedly led the nation in measures of efficient production of electricity. By the mid-1990s, the relatively small Dan River plant produced enough electricity each year to provide for the needs of more than 45,000 households.

In 2008, the utility announced its plans to retire the steam station and replace it with a “combined-cycle” operation that would run on natural gas and use another part of the same Edgewood Road property. That came to fruition in 2012, and the coal-fired plant at the river’s edge was closed that April.

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File. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries biologist and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Dept. of Interior biologist travel up the Dan River from Abreu-Grogan Park landing on Wednesday, Feb. 5, 2014, in Danville, VA. The men gathered water and river bottom sediment samples from the coal ash spill at the Dan River Steam Station operated by Duke Energy upriver in Eden, N.C. 

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Barry Dunkley, the director of water and sewage treatment for Danville, Va., explains how two 24-inch pipes draw raw water from the Dan River into the treatment plant for the city’s water supply. “It was noticeably gray,” Dunkley says of the river during the first days of the spill. “It scared me: Are we really removing that?”

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Daniel Michaelson, biologist, with Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries launch a boat into the Dan River at Abreu-Grogan Park landing on Wednesday, Feb. 5, 2014, in Danville, VA. He will take U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Dept. of Interior biologist out onto the rive to gather water and river bottom sediment samples from the coal ash spill at the Dan River Steam Station operated by Duke Energy upriver in Eden, N.C. 

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A worker with Phillips and Jordan, Inc., a Duke Energy contractor, works with a belt filter press which will be used to obtain a firm cake of the solid material containing coal ash which currently resides in a waste solids clarifier at the Danville Water Treatment Plant on Park Avenue in Danville, Va., Wednesday, April 2, 2014. Workers are setting up and testing the water treatment process at the plant before beginning the process of collecting the coal ash. Barry Dunkley, Director of Water and Wastewater Treatment at the plant, said a similar process will be used after solids are vacuumed out of the Dan River near the Schoolfield Dam. 

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Workers with Phillips and Jordan, Inc., a Duke Energy contractor, work with a tanker which will be used to collect water from a belt filter press after coal ash is removed from the water at the Danville Water Treatment Plant on Park Avenue in Danville, Va., Wednesday, April 2, 2014. 

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